Plants breathe. They take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turn it into the sugars that become leaves, stems, roots, and woody trunks. What carbon dioxide they don’t use, they exhale, releasing the leftover gas with oxygen. And after plants die, they decay, releasing the carbon to the atmosphere. The difference between the amount of carbon plants absorb and what they release is called net primary productivity. It is a direct measurement of how much plant matter—from crops to forests or ocean phytoplankton—Earth produces.
The amount of carbon plants store varies from month to month with the seasons, as shown in these two images. During spring and summer, plants flourish in the warm temperatures and abundant light. Growth drops off in the winter, when cold and darkness reign.
The top image shows net primary productivity in August 2010, when the Northern Hemisphere reached its peak productivity. On land, areas where plants are growing most—and storing the most carbon—are dark green. Highly productive areas in the ocean, where the most phytoplankton are growing, are dark blue. Because the bulk of Earth’s land is in the Northern Hemisphere, August is also when global net primary productivity reaches a peak.
The lower image shows December 2010, during the Southern Hemisphere’s summer and the Northern Hemisphere’s winter. Globally, plant production is at its lowest during December. This means that plants are taking less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in December than in other months, and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide peak.
The maps above were made from measurements taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite. Such measurements are crucial in helping scientists track what happens to the carbon people release into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, as described in our new carbon cycle article:
Plants on land have taken up approximately 25 percent of the carbon dioxide that humans have put into the atmosphere. The amount of carbon that plants take up varies greatly from year to year, but in general, the world’s plants have increased the amount of carbon dioxide they absorb since 1960.
With more atmospheric carbon dioxide available to convert to plant matter in photosynthesis, plants were able to grow more. This increased growth is referred to as carbon fertilization....There is a limit to how much carbon plants can take out of the atmosphere, and that limit varies from region to region. So far, it appears that carbon dioxide fertilization increases plant growth until the plant reaches a limit in the amount of water or nitrogen available.
Carbon dioxide also increases temperatures, extending the growing season and increasing humidity. Both factors have led to some additional plant growth. However, warmer temperatures also stress plants. With a longer, warmer growing season, plants need more water to survive. Scientists are already seeing evidence that plants in the Northern Hemisphere slow their growth in the summer because of warm temperatures and water shortages.
Read more in The Carbon Cycle on the Earth Observatory.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Robert Simmon and Reto Stöckli using MODIS data. Caption by Holli Riebeek.
